“Learn from your mistakes,” our parents used to constantly remind us. But did we learn from this credo over the past centuries of surgeries?

Thousands of years ago, Egyptians performed basic surgeries which were comparable to a common day butcher butchering his meat.

In the past centuries, doctors would drill a hole into the skull of deaf patients hoping to provide the patient with the ability to hear.

In recent time, doctors remove an organ (gallbladder) hoping to find the cure for gallstones.

The skin contains pores that are openings in pairs for sweat glands, hair follicle and sebaceous glands.

Sweat glands to regulate the skin temperatures to help releases sweat reducing the heat otherwise may get fever or the body feels feverish. Sebaceous gland and hair follicle share the same pore, produces the sebum (oil) that lubricated the skin. The sweat and the sebum meets on the surface of the skin provides “acid mantle” that is the skin Natural Moisturizer Factor (NMF) that keeps the skin a slightly moist, soft, strong flexible and it is acidic.

Kidney Stones (Renal calculi) are solid aggregations of minerals in urine, which form inside the kidneys. They are a common and extremely agonizing condition which can cause symptoms such as pain in the abdominal area, nausea and vomiting. In most cases, Kidney Stones pass through the body naturally without the need for intervention (possibly in the form of surgery). However, if the kidney stones grow greater than 3-4mm in diameter, complications can arise, and surgery may be the only option (however, this is rare).

SCIATICA
is the Latin word for “Pain down the back of the leg” Sciatica is referred pain usually caused by trapping the sciatic nerve in the lower back.

SLIPPED DISC

95% of back pain is a result of a slipped disc. The spine consists of 24 bones called vertebrae which sit on top of one another to form a column. Each vertebra has a cylindrical body in front with a wishbone-like structure sticking out behind forming the knobbly bits that can be felt down the backbone. Cradled within the arms of the wishbone is the spinal cord which carries nerve messages up and down from the brain to all parts of the body. In between every vertebra in the spine is a cushion of jelly (the disc) which acts as a shock absorber and cushions each and every step. When the disc bulges backwards it traps the nerve where it leaves the spinal canal and causes pressure and pain. Once the disc is on the move what we do with the spine changes what happens to the disc. Sitting on an easy chair like a banana allows it to bulge backwards further and cause more pain. See Referred pain, Back pain, Sciatic nerve.